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“Industrial symbiosis (IS) is a collaborative approach concerning physical exchange of materials, energy, and services among different companies” ([1]). The European Commission ([2]) explicitly recommended the fostering on IS practices to boost production efficiency and resource productivity, underlying their sustainability-related advantages – i.e. environmental, economic, and social advantages ([3]; [4]).
As such, Business Models (BMs) implementing industrial symbiosis principles are considered as BMs for sustainability, and they are mainly classified under the Bocken et al. ([5])’s classification of technical grouping.
The business model’s archetypes within the technical grouping are three:
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